Birth control trials prompt an ethics discussion

US authorities licensed the vaccine on the day the trial results were presented.

The announcement opened a new phase of polio immunization, requiring manufacturing and access.

The findings followed participation by many families, healthcare workers and researchers.

The FDA approved Enovid for use as an oral contraceptive, expanding control over pregnancy.

The medicine made hormonal prevention of pregnancy available by prescription.

The decision did not guarantee that every woman could obtain contraception or decide freely whether to use it.

Barnard led a large Groote Schuur Hospital team in the first human-to-human heart transplant.

The patient was given the heart of Denise Darvall, who had died after a road accident.

Nurses, surgeons, anesthetists, technicians and laboratory staff were needed for the procedure.

The surgery was performed in South Africa’s segregated medical system; its wider social context belongs in the history.