Police carry out the Bulhoek Massacre

The act recognized Indian marriages and abolished the three-pound tax on former indentured workers. Other racial restrictions remained, but the settlement ended the mass satyagraha campaign.

The troopship sank after a collision, killing more than 600 members of the South African Native Labour Contingent and crew. Black servicemen had been recruited for wartime labour while denied equal...

Under Charlotte Maxeke's leadership, African women began organized passive resistance against the extension of pass controls to women in the Orange Free State.

Clements Kadalie helped establish a dockworkers' union in Cape Town that grew into a mass organization of Black and Coloured workers and rural tenants during the 1920s.

Tens of thousands of African mineworkers struck over wages and working conditions. Police repression and the compound system helped employers break the action.

Socialist organizations united in Cape Town to form the CPSA. The party later adopted a Black-majority orientation and became an important ally of national liberation and labour movements.

The state used troops, artillery and aircraft against striking white mineworkers. The revolt also exposed the racial labour order because many strikers demanded protection of skilled jobs for whites.

The act treated African urban residents as temporary labourers, empowered municipalities to segregate housing and strengthened controls over African movement into towns.

Parliament recognized Afrikaans alongside English. The measure strengthened Afrikaner nationalism within a state that excluded the Black majority from national political power.

The act expanded executive control over African communities and empowered the governor-general to move people and govern by proclamation, weakening legal protections and African land rights.