The Communist Party of South Africa is founded

The troopship sank after a collision, killing more than 600 members of the South African Native Labour Contingent and crew. Black servicemen had been recruited for wartime labour while denied equal...

Under Charlotte Maxeke's leadership, African women began organized passive resistance against the extension of pass controls to women in the Orange Free State.

Clements Kadalie helped establish a dockworkers' union in Cape Town that grew into a mass organization of Black and Coloured workers and rural tenants during the 1920s.

Tens of thousands of African mineworkers struck over wages and working conditions. Police repression and the compound system helped employers break the action.

Police attacked the Israelites at Ntabelanga near Bulhoek after the religious community resisted eviction. At least 160 people were killed and many more wounded or arrested.

The state used troops, artillery and aircraft against striking white mineworkers. The revolt also exposed the racial labour order because many strikers demanded protection of skilled jobs for whites.

The act treated African urban residents as temporary labourers, empowered municipalities to segregate housing and strengthened controls over African movement into towns.

Parliament recognized Afrikaans alongside English. The measure strengthened Afrikaner nationalism within a state that excluded the Black majority from national political power.

The act expanded executive control over African communities and empowered the governor-general to move people and govern by proclamation, weakening legal protections and African land rights.

The law prohibited sexual relations outside marriage between Europeans and Africans. It inserted racial policing into private life and anticipated later apartheid classification laws.