| 3 February 2020 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
NASA publishes a global solar-science timeline
|
| 3 February 2020 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Naked-eye observation produces long solar records
|
| 3 February 2020 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Ancient records complement modern instruments
|
| 3 February 2020 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Public timelines can correct narrow origin stories
|
| 19 August 2017 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Publication explains the mathematics of eclipse prediction
|
| 19 August 2017 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Eclipse calculation builds on many civilizations
|
| 19 August 2017 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Prediction depends on models and measurement
|
| 19 August 2017 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
A modern eclipse reveals a long history of knowledge exchange
|
| 11 February 2016 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
First gravitational-wave detection is announced
|
| 11 February 2016 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A new way to study the cosmos is introduced
|
| 11 February 2016 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Black-hole merger enters public scientific record
|
| 11 February 2016 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Gabriela González speaks for a global team
|
| 14 July 2015 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
New Horizons flies past Pluto
|
| 14 July 2015 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Pluto’s surface is observed at close range
|
| 14 July 2015 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Charon enters a historic flyby
|
| 14 July 2015 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
The Kuiper Belt becomes a nearby field site
|
| 5 October 2011 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Native Voices exhibition opens
|
| 5 October 2011 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Indigenous healing knowledge receives a public platform
|
| 5 October 2011 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
A medical library presents community voices
|
| 5 October 2011 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Wellness is discussed in cultural context
|
| 4 July 2011 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Hubble records its millionth science observation
|
| 4 July 2011 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
An exoplanet supplies Hubble’s milestone target
|
| 4 July 2011 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Long-lived telescope passes a million observations
|
| 4 July 2011 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Atmosphere research meets a space-telescope milestone
|
| 11 July 2005 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
NASA explains eclipses and Earth's changing rotation
|
| 11 July 2005 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Babylonian Saros cycles support eclipse prediction
|
| 11 July 2005 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Halley uses ancient records in early modern astronomy
|
| 11 July 2005 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Time itself becomes an astronomical variable
|
| 24 April 1990 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Hubble Space Telescope launches
|
| 24 April 1990 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A space observatory begins its journey
|
| 24 April 1990 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Astronomy receives a serviceable orbital telescope
|
| 24 April 1990 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
An international astronomy project reaches orbit
|
| 21 September 1988 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
JPL reports research using ancient Chinese eclipse records
|
| 21 September 1988 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Historical astronomy becomes geophysical evidence
|
| 21 September 1988 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Chinese archives extend the observational baseline
|
| 21 September 1988 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Cross-cultural collaboration reinterprets court records
|
| 5 September 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Voyager 1 launches on a faster course
|
| 5 September 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A probe sets out for Jupiter and Saturn
|
| 5 September 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Voyager 1 carries a Golden Record
|
| 5 September 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Twin Voyager missions are underway
|
| 20 August 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Voyager 2 launches first
|
| 20 August 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A probe begins the grand tour
|
| 20 August 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
An outer-planet observatory leaves Earth
|
| 20 August 1977 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Voyager 2 carries a Golden Record
|
| 14 November 1971 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Mariner 9 enters orbit around Mars
|
| 14 November 1971 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Mars gains a robotic satellite
|
| 14 November 1971 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
An orbiter prepares to map Mars
|
| 14 November 1971 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Planetary exploration moves beyond flybys
|
| 20 July 1969 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Apollo 11 lands on the Moon
|
| 20 July 1969 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A lunar landing makes field science possible
|
| 20 July 1969 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Collins maintains lunar orbit
|
| 20 July 1969 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A human crew reaches another world
|
| 14 December 1962 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Mariner 2 flies past Venus
|
| 14 December 1962 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Venus is examined by instruments in space
|
| 14 December 1962 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A robotic probe reaches another planet
|
| 14 December 1962 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Planetary science gains a close view of Venus
|
| 9 May 1960 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
US regulators approve a contraceptive pill
|
| 9 May 1960 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
A new contraceptive changes reproductive health
|
| 9 May 1960 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Birth control trials prompt an ethics discussion
|
| 9 May 1960 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Regulatory approval differs from equal access
|
| 12 April 1955 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Polio vaccine trial results are announced
|
| 12 April 1955 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Salk’s inactivated polio vaccine is licensed
|
| 12 April 1955 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
A major childhood disease becomes preventable
|
| 12 April 1955 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Large vaccine trial shapes public-health practice
|
| 14 February 1946 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
ENIAC is publicly unveiled
|
| 14 February 1946 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Women program ENIAC's demonstration
|
| 14 February 1946 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Ballistic calculation drives electronic computing
|
| 14 February 1946 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Programming emerges as a distinct technical practice
|
| 14 March 1942 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Anne Miller receives penicillin in New Haven
|
| 14 March 1942 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
A rare wartime medicine reaches a patient
|
| 14 March 1942 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
An American penicillin case survives
|
| 14 March 1942 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Antibiotic production faces an urgent test
|
| 27 October 1930 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Gladys West is born
|
| 27 October 1930 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
West models the shape of Earth
|
| 27 October 1930 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Satellite geodesy requires sustained mathematical labour
|
| 27 October 1930 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Recognition comes late for a Black woman mathematician
|
| 18 February 1930 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Tombaugh identifies Pluto
|
| 18 February 1930 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A blink comparator reveals a distant object
|
| 18 February 1930 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Lowell Observatory finds a new solar-system body
|
| 18 February 1930 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Pluto's discovery begins a new classification story
|
| 5 October 1923 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Hubble begins a key Andromeda exposure
|
| 5 October 1923 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
An Andromeda plate captures a future clue
|
| 5 October 1923 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Mount Wilson photographs individual stars
|
| 5 October 1923 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A dated image enters the distance debate
|
| 9 April 1921 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Mary Jackson is born
|
| 9 April 1921 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Jackson studies supersonic airflow
|
| 9 April 1921 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Segregation obstructs Jackson's engineering courses
|
| 9 April 1921 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Jackson later advocates for women at NASA
|
| 24 April 1919 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
David Blackwell is born
|
| 24 April 1919 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Blackwell contributes to probability, statistics and game theory
|
| 24 April 1919 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Racism blocks an Institute for Advanced Study appointment
|
| 24 April 1919 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Blackwell strengthens research at Howard and Berkeley
|
| 26 August 1918 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Katherine Johnson is born
|
| 26 August 1918 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Johnson calculates orbital paths
|
| 26 August 1918 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
John Glenn asks Johnson to verify electronic calculations
|
| 26 August 1918 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Johnson crosses racial and gender barriers at NASA
|
| 20 September 1910 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Dorothy Vaughan is born
|
| 20 September 1910 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Vaughan leads Black women human computers
|
| 20 September 1910 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Vaughan masters FORTRAN during electronic transition
|
| 20 September 1910 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Segregation shaped NASA's mathematical workforce
|
| 5 December 1895 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Elbert Frank Cox is born
|
| 5 December 1895 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Cox studies polynomial solutions of difference equations
|
| 5 December 1895 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Racism restricted Cox's academic recognition
|
| 5 December 1895 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Cox helps build mathematics at Howard University
|
| 9 September 1892 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Barnard discovers Amalthea
|
| 9 September 1892 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A new small moon appears near Jupiter
|
| 9 September 1892 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A visual search yields Jupiter's fifth moon
|
| 9 September 1892 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Jupiter's inner satellite is identified
|
| 11 September 1890 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Euphemia Lofton Haynes is born
|
| 11 September 1890 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Haynes researches functional mathematics
|
| 11 September 1890 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
A mathematician campaigns against school segregation
|
| 11 September 1890 |
United States
|
Mathematics
|
Mathematics and civil rights converge in Haynes' career
|
| 17 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Asaph Hall discovers Phobos
|
| 17 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Mars's second satellite is recorded
|
| 17 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Phobos is found closer to Mars
|
| 17 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
The Martian system becomes a three-body subject
|
| 11 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Asaph Hall discovers Deimos
|
| 11 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Mars gains a known moon
|
| 11 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
Angelina Hall encourages the continued search
|
| 11 August 1877 |
United States
|
Astronomy
|
A faint Martian point proves to be Deimos
|
| 16 October 1846 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Ether is publicly demonstrated during surgery
|
| 16 October 1846 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Edward Abbott undergoes an ether operation
|
| 16 October 1846 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
The Ether Dome becomes a surgical landmark
|
| 16 October 1846 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Anesthesia changes the possibilities of surgery
|
| 26 June 1721 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Boylston inoculates three people in Boston
|
| 26 June 1721 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
Jack and Jackey undergo smallpox variolation
|
| 26 June 1721 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
African medical knowledge enters Boston practice
|
| 26 June 1721 |
United States
|
Medicine
|
A colonial inoculation experiment has unequal power
|
