Grenada wins independence after labor and political mobilization

Before a huge gathering in Dhaka, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for resistance and outlined a civil-disobedience program after the elected majority was denied power. The speech stopped short of a...

Pakistani forces launched a military crackdown in Dhaka and other cities after the political crisis over the 1970 election. The operation targeted civilians, students, political organizers, and...

Bangladesh’s independence was declared after the military crackdown. The declaration is associated with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and was transmitted and repeated by local resistance leaders and the...

Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Bangladeshi and Indian forces. The surrender ended the nine-month liberation war and established Bangladesh as an independent...

The Bahamian archipelago became an independent state after a constitutional process led by the Progressive Liberal Party. Independence followed a long struggle over racial equality, labor rights,...

The Armed Forces Movement overthrew Portugal’s Estado Novo dictatorship. Portugal’s prolonged and increasingly costly wars against African liberation movements were a major cause of the coup. The...

The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order. Newly independent states argued that political independence without control over trade,...

Portugal recognized the Republic of Guinea-Bissau following years of armed struggle led by PAIGC and the unilateral independence declaration of 1973. The recognition marked a major victory for a...

The OAU’s Dar es Salaam Declaration called for support to consolidate liberation and reconstruct territories emerging from Portuguese rule. The document reflected a continental strategy:...

Mozambique became independent after FRELIMO’s long armed and political struggle against Portuguese colonial rule. Portugal transferred power to a FRELIMO-led government under the Lusaka agreement....