Netherlands transfers sovereignty to Indonesia after a revolution

The Nakba—catastrophe—describes the mass displacement and dispossession of Palestinians during the 1948 war. By this point, hundreds of thousands had been driven from or fled their homes; villages...

The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, affirming rights and dignity for all people. Yet colonial powers continued governing millions without equal political rights,...

The United States, Canada, and ten Western European states signed the North Atlantic Treaty. The alliance institutionalized a Cold War bloc and linked European security to U.S. power. Many governments...

The Basic Law took effect in the western occupation zones, establishing the Federal Republic of Germany. The division of Germany reflected postwar occupation and growing Cold War rivalry. European...

Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China in Beijing after decades of revolution, Japanese invasion, and civil war. The Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan. The new state’s...

North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel, beginning a war on a peninsula divided by U.S. and Soviet occupation after Japan’s defeat. Koreans had not chosen the division, and the war drew in...

The UN General Assembly voted to federate Eritrea with Ethiopia under the Ethiopian Crown, after Italian colonial rule and British military administration. Eritrean communities’ preferences were...

Libya became independent under King Idris, following Italian occupation, British and French administration, and UN negotiations. It was the first former Italian colony to become an independent state...

Students and activists in Dhaka protested the exclusion of Bengali as a state language of Pakistan. Police killed demonstrators, including students, and the movement became a defining struggle for...

The Free Officers movement overthrew King Farouk and established a republic, opening a period of land reform and confrontation with British influence. The revolution emerged amid military defeat in...