Munich Agreement transfers Czechoslovak borderlands to Germany

The Arab Higher Committee called a general strike demanding an end to British rule, an end to Jewish immigration and land purchases, and an independent representative government. The strike became the...

Generals leading a coup against Spain's elected Republic began the rebellion in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco before expanding it to the peninsula. The colonial army included Moroccan troops...

A military clash near Beiping (Beijing) escalated after Japanese and Chinese forces mobilized. The incident became the opening of full-scale Sino-Japanese War, following years of Japanese encroachment...

After taking Nanjing, Japanese troops carried out mass killings, sexual violence, looting, and destruction. The Nanjing city archives preserve investigation files, residents' petitions, burial...

German troops crossed into Austria after Hitler coerced the Austrian government and forced the cancellation of a planned vote on independence. The annexation was followed immediately by terror against...

A state-orchestrated pogrom on the night of 9-10 November destroyed synagogues, shops, homes, and community institutions; Jewish people were murdered and tens of thousands arrested and sent to...

Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 1 September, claiming fabricated border incidents as pretext. The invasion combined conventional warfare with terror against civilians and plans for racial conquest....

When Britain declared war on Germany, Viceroy Linlithgow announced that India was at war without consulting elected Indian representatives. Indian soldiers, workers, taxpayers, and resources would...

German forces occupied Denmark and invaded Norway to secure strategic sea routes and access to Swedish iron ore. Occupation brought collaboration, resistance, and coercion into northern Europe. This...

Mussolini declared war on Britain and France as Italy’s fascist regime sought territorial expansion in Europe and Africa. Italy’s existing colonies in Libya, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, and...