Japanese forces capture Nanjing and begin weeks of mass violence

Japan formally notified the League of Nations that it would withdraw after the League rejected recognition of Manchukuo. The withdrawal followed Japan's occupation of Manchuria and the Lytton inquiry....

Italian forces invaded Ethiopia from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, using superior weapons and chemical agents against a sovereign African state. Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations, whose...

The Arab Higher Committee called a general strike demanding an end to British rule, an end to Jewish immigration and land purchases, and an independent representative government. The strike became the...

Generals leading a coup against Spain's elected Republic began the rebellion in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco before expanding it to the peninsula. The colonial army included Moroccan troops...

A military clash near Beiping (Beijing) escalated after Japanese and Chinese forces mobilized. The incident became the opening of full-scale Sino-Japanese War, following years of Japanese encroachment...

German troops crossed into Austria after Hitler coerced the Austrian government and forced the cancellation of a planned vote on independence. The annexation was followed immediately by terror against...

Germany, Britain, France, and Italy signed an agreement to transfer the Sudeten territories from Czechoslovakia to Germany. The Czechoslovak government was not represented in the negotiations. The...

A state-orchestrated pogrom on the night of 9-10 November destroyed synagogues, shops, homes, and community institutions; Jewish people were murdered and tens of thousands arrested and sent to...

Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 1 September, claiming fabricated border incidents as pretext. The invasion combined conventional warfare with terror against civilians and plans for racial conquest....

When Britain declared war on Germany, Viceroy Linlithgow announced that India was at war without consulting elected Indian representatives. Indian soldiers, workers, taxpayers, and resources would...