Ottoman sultanate is abolished

The treaty established the Irish Free State while allowing six counties in the north to remain within the United Kingdom. It ended one phase of conflict but divided Irish nationalists and laid...

At the Washington Conference, Japan agreed to restore Shandong’s former German-leased territory and railway rights to China, while retaining commercial privileges. The settlement followed China’s...

Britain formally ended the protectorate and declared Egypt independent, while reserving control over defense, imperial communications, foreign interests, and Sudan. The declaration followed the mass...

The Bondelswarts rose against oppressive taxation and colonial policing in South West Africa, which South Africa administered under a League mandate. South African forces used aircraft, machine...

Fighting began in Dublin between forces for and against the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the anti-treaty garrison occupied the Four Courts. The conflict grew from unresolved disputes over partition,...

The Irish Free State came into being under a constitution built around the 1921 treaty, with dominion status and a continuing relationship to the British Commonwealth. The new state had substantial...

The Lausanne convention required the compulsory exchange of most Greek Orthodox residents of Turkey and Muslim residents of Greece, with limited exceptions. It turned religious identity into a...

Lausanne recognized the sovereignty of the new Turkish state and replaced the failed Sèvres treaty. It confirmed borders and addressed population exchange, while leaving Kurdish aspirations and...

The Turkish Republic was proclaimed after the Ottoman monarchy’s abolition and the national movement’s military and diplomatic victories. The republic emerged from imperial collapse, war, mass...

The London agreements put the Dawes Plan into effect, rescheduling Germany’s reparations and arranging international loans. It eased the crisis following French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, but...