Battle of Warsaw turns the Polish-Soviet War

A broad uprising against British occupation spread from the middle Euphrates, involving tribal, urban, and religious networks. The revolt showed that wartime occupation and mandate rule lacked...

French troops defeated Syrian forces at Maysalun and entered Damascus, ending the independent government proclaimed by the Syrian National Congress. The conquest established French rule under the...

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress launched non-cooperation, urging people to surrender colonial titles, leave government posts, boycott foreign goods, and build Indian institutions. The campaign...

The Universal Negro Improvement Association opened its first international convention in New York. Delegates from across the African diaspora debated collective self-determination, racial equality,...

The treaty proposed severe territorial losses and foreign controls over the Ottoman state, including provisions for Armenian independence and a possible Kurdish region. Turkish nationalist forces...

British officials met in Cairo to decide how to administer territories Britain had occupied or received as mandates. The conference promoted Faisal as ruler of Iraq and Abdullah in Transjordan,...

The peace treaty ended the Polish-Soviet War and set a border that left millions of Ukrainians and Belarusians outside their national republics. The treaty’s terms reflected bargaining among states...

Rif resistance fighters under Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi defeated Spanish colonial forces near Annual. The collapse of Spain’s positions exposed the violence and fragility of its...

Representatives of Soviet Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkey signed a treaty defining borders in the South Caucasus. The settlement displaced earlier wartime and postwar claims,...

France and the Turkish National Movement signed an agreement ending hostilities in Cilicia and adjusting the frontier between French-controlled Syria and Turkey. The settlement recognized the...