Paris Peace Conference opens as colonized peoples demand self-determination

Mass strikes and sailors’ mutinies spread into a revolution. The Kaiser abdicated and a republic was proclaimed. The upheaval reflected exhaustion, hunger, military defeat, and labor resistance; the...

The armistice took effect at 11 a.m. on 11 November. It ended major fighting between the Allies and Germany but did not settle the political, social, and imperial conflicts that had produced the...

With the collapse of the occupying empires, Poland re-emerged as an independent state after more than a century of partition. Its borders remained disputed and were shaped by war, diplomacy, and...

Caribbean soldiers waiting in Taranto to return home protested unequal pay and degrading labor assignments, including latrine work. The revolt was suppressed and its leaders punished. The episode...

Right-wing paramilitaries killed socialist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after the January uprising in Berlin. Their deaths became a symbol of the violent suppression of revolutionary...

Irish Volunteers attacked a Royal Irish Constabulary escort at Soloheadbeg, killing two officers and seizing explosives. The action marked the opening of the Irish War of Independence, following years...

Delegates from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and the United States met in Paris alongside the peace conference. They called for African participation in government and challenged the transfer of...

Mass demonstrations erupted across Korea under Japanese colonial rule, inspired in part by global talk of self-determination. Japanese authorities violently suppressed the protests. The movement...

British authorities arrested nationalist leaders seeking to present Egypt’s case at the Paris peace conference. Protests, strikes, and rural resistance followed across Egypt, involving students,...

The Imperial Legislative Council passed the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act despite opposition from Indian members. The measure extended wartime emergency powers, including detention without...