Wilson’s Fourteen Points promise a new international order

The first British-recruited Chinese laborers reached Plymouth after a dangerous journey across the Pacific and Canada. Their arrival marked a largely hidden contribution to Allied logistics. Workers...

China entered the war after years of pressure and in hopes of recovering German-held Shandong and strengthening its standing in the postwar settlement. Chinese leaders also sought to end unequal...

The British government expressed support for a Jewish national home in Palestine while stating that the rights of existing non-Jewish communities should not be prejudiced. Palestinians had no...

Bolsheviks took power in Petrograd amid mass opposition to the war, land inequality, and hunger. The revolution led to Russia’s withdrawal from the war and inspired socialist movements worldwide,...

The influenza pandemic spread through a world reorganized by troop movements, crowded camps, censorship, and disrupted public health. Its exact mortality remains debated, but it killed millions...

The Act granted the vote to women over 30 who met property or educational qualifications, while most men over 21 gained the vote. Women’s wartime labor and decades of suffrage activism shaped the...

Soviet Russia signed a harsh peace treaty with the Central Powers, surrendering extensive territories and populations. The treaty ended fighting on the Eastern Front, but its terms were overturned...

Bulgaria’s armistice after Allied advances on the Salonika front weakened the Central Powers and helped trigger political upheaval at home. Soldiers mutinied and the monarchy faced crisis. The...

The Ottoman government signed an armistice that required demobilization, Allied access to strategic facilities, and the surrender of garrisons in Arab provinces. It ended Ottoman combat in the war but...

The armistice signed near Padua ended Austria-Hungary’s participation in the war and accelerated the empire’s disintegration. National councils declared new states, while the settlement left border...