October Revolution changes Russia and the course of the war

Following strikes, food protests, and the mutiny of soldiers in Petrograd, Nicholas II abdicated. The collapse of the monarchy was driven by long-standing autocratic rule and social inequality as well...

The U.S. Congress declared war after submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram crisis. U.S. entry altered the balance of resources and reinforced the Allied victory, while President Wilson...

The first British-recruited Chinese laborers reached Plymouth after a dangerous journey across the Pacific and Canada. Their arrival marked a largely hidden contribution to Allied logistics. Workers...

China entered the war after years of pressure and in hopes of recovering German-held Shandong and strengthening its standing in the postwar settlement. Chinese leaders also sought to end unequal...

The British government expressed support for a Jewish national home in Palestine while stating that the rights of existing non-Jewish communities should not be prejudiced. Palestinians had no...

The influenza pandemic spread through a world reorganized by troop movements, crowded camps, censorship, and disrupted public health. Its exact mortality remains debated, but it killed millions...

President Woodrow Wilson presented a program including open diplomacy, national self-determination, and a League of Nations. The principles inspired colonized and stateless peoples, but Wilson’s...

The Act granted the vote to women over 30 who met property or educational qualifications, while most men over 21 gained the vote. Women’s wartime labor and decades of suffrage activism shaped the...

Soviet Russia signed a harsh peace treaty with the Central Powers, surrendering extensive territories and populations. The treaty ended fighting on the Eastern Front, but its terms were overturned...

Bulgaria’s armistice after Allied advances on the Salonika front weakened the Central Powers and helped trigger political upheaval at home. Soldiers mutinied and the monarchy faced crisis. The...