Zimmerwald antiwar conference challenges nationalist war politics

Ottoman authorities arrested hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople, marking the opening phase of the Armenian genocide. Deportations and mass killing targeted...

British, French, Australian, and New Zealand forces landed on the Gallipoli peninsula in an attempt to force the Dardanelles. Ottoman defenders repelled the campaign after months of fighting. The...

Japan’s ultimatum forced China to accept revised terms after months of negotiations over the Twenty-One Demands. The agreement strengthened Japanese influence in China while provoking public anger and...

Britain, France, and Russia issued a joint statement describing the Ottoman violence against Armenians as crimes against humanity and civilization. The phrase entered international discourse, but...

German forces surrendered after South African troops occupied the colony during a campaign aimed partly at denying Germany ports and wireless stations. The territory was later placed under South...

Ottoman troops surrounded the British-Indian force at Kut in Mesopotamia after its retreat from Ctesiphon. The siege exposed the cost of an imperial campaign supplied and fought largely by Indian...

The Allies completed the evacuation of Gallipoli after the failed attempt to seize the Dardanelles. Ottoman defenders had repelled a campaign involving British, French, Australian, and New Zealand...

After a prolonged campaign through difficult terrain, the last German stronghold at Mora surrendered to Allied forces. African soldiers from British and French colonies were essential to the campaign....

Irish republicans launched an armed uprising in Dublin during the war. British forces suppressed it and executed many leaders, shifting public opinion and strengthening support for independence....

The British-Indian garrison surrendered to Ottoman forces after hunger and disease made further resistance impossible. About 13,000 men entered captivity; many died from illness, malnutrition, and...