Allied Operation Torch lands in French North Africa

German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries, began mass deportations from the Warsaw ghetto to the Treblinka killing center. By September, about 265,000 Jews had been deported and murdered;...

The first transport of Jews from the Mechelen transit camp departed for Auschwitz on August 4 and arrived August 5. German authorities relied on Belgian records and police cooperation, while...

A transport of Jews from the NDH arrived at Auschwitz as part of the Croatian regime’s collaboration with Nazi Germany in deporting surviving Jews into German custody. Many Jews had already been...

German occupation authorities and Norwegian collaborators began arresting Jewish men. Women and children were arrested in a later operation in November; hundreds of Norwegian Jews were deported, while...

The first transport of Jews from the Theresienstadt ghetto to Auschwitz arrived on this date. Deportations linked a ghetto used for propaganda and transit to the killing-center system.

German forces established a presence in Tunisia after the Allied landings in neighboring Algeria and Morocco. Tunisia was a French protectorate under Vichy authority; the short German-Italian...

German authorities arrested prominent members of Tunis’s Jewish community, including community president Moïse Borgel, and took some as hostages. Jewish communal institutions were placed under...

Norwegian police arrested Jewish women and children in Oslo and other locations; most were deported aboard the ship Donau on November 26. The operation exposed how local state institutions facilitated...

The Polish underground Council to Aid Jews, known as Żegota, began operating with support from the Polish government-in-exile. Polish and Jewish activists coordinated shelter, forged documents, and...

SS officer Walter Rauff ordered Tunisian Jewish leaders to provide men for forced labor. Roughly 5,000 Jewish men were conscripted during the occupation and sent to labor and detention camps; this was...