Congress meets to form the Provisional Revolutionary Government

Nixon took office promising to end U.S. involvement. His administration pursued “Vietnamization,” transferring more combat responsibility to South Vietnamese forces while continuing heavy bombing...

The United States began the secret Operation Menu bombing of Cambodian border areas. The campaign violated Cambodian neutrality and intensified conflict across Indochina; estimates of civilian...

U.S. veteran Ronald Ridenhour sent letters to members of Congress and senior officials after hearing accounts of the killings at Mỹ Lai from soldiers. His intervention helped trigger investigations....

U.S. Army histories estimate that troop strength reached roughly 543,000 in April 1969. This peak came as Nixon’s administration began publicly emphasizing withdrawals and “Vietnamization.” The number...

At Midway, Nixon and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu announced the first planned U.S. troop withdrawal. The policy became known as Vietnamization: shifting more combat responsibility to South Vietnamese forces while...

Hồ Chí Minh died as the war continued. He had become an international symbol of Vietnamese independence, though the state and military leadership were collective institutions and policy did not end...

Millions of people participated in or supported local demonstrations and vigils across the United States. The Moratorium showed that opposition to the war had spread into workplaces, churches and...

Nixon announced a gradual transfer of combat responsibilities to South Vietnamese forces while U.S. troops were withdrawn. The policy reduced direct U.S. ground exposure but prolonged fighting and...

A major mobilization brought hundreds of thousands to Washington to demand an end to the war. The event followed the October Moratorium and demonstrated sustained public opposition as U.S. forces...

The National Assembly voted to remove Sihanouk while he was abroad, and Lon Nol took power. The change drew Cambodia deeper into regional conflict. Cambodian political actors and civilians had their...