Hồ Chí Minh dies in Hanoi

The United States began the secret Operation Menu bombing of Cambodian border areas. The campaign violated Cambodian neutrality and intensified conflict across Indochina; estimates of civilian...

U.S. veteran Ronald Ridenhour sent letters to members of Congress and senior officials after hearing accounts of the killings at Mỹ Lai from soldiers. His intervention helped trigger investigations....

U.S. Army histories estimate that troop strength reached roughly 543,000 in April 1969. This peak came as Nixon’s administration began publicly emphasizing withdrawals and “Vietnamization.” The number...

At Midway, Nixon and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu announced the first planned U.S. troop withdrawal. The policy became known as Vietnamization: shifting more combat responsibility to South Vietnamese forces while...

A Congress of People’s Representatives in South Vietnam convened to establish the Provisional Revolutionary Government. The archival record dates the congress to June 10; sources differ on whether...

Millions of people participated in or supported local demonstrations and vigils across the United States. The Moratorium showed that opposition to the war had spread into workplaces, churches and...

Nixon announced a gradual transfer of combat responsibilities to South Vietnamese forces while U.S. troops were withdrawn. The policy reduced direct U.S. ground exposure but prolonged fighting and...

A major mobilization brought hundreds of thousands to Washington to demand an end to the war. The event followed the October Moratorium and demonstrated sustained public opposition as U.S. forces...

The National Assembly voted to remove Sihanouk while he was abroad, and Lon Nol took power. The change drew Cambodia deeper into regional conflict. Cambodian political actors and civilians had their...

Cambodia’s National Assembly removed Prince Norodom Sihanouk and Lon Nol assumed power. The change reshaped regional politics and preceded the U.S.-South Vietnamese incursion; Cambodian sovereignty...