Engels publishes Anti-Dühring

Delegates debated political action, organization, and the conflict between Marx’s current and anarchist currents associated with Bakunin. The congress relocated the General Council to New York; the...

For the second German edition, Marx revised the text and added material, responding to criticism and further research. The changes demonstrate that Capital was an evolving project rather than a...

Marx criticized the draft unity program of German socialist parties, challenging vague promises and the idea of fair distribution detached from production relations. The text was withheld from...

The Eisenachers and Lassalleans formed a united workers’ party. Marx criticized the draft program for theoretical concessions and vague language, but the congress reflected a strategic choice by...

Engels’s serialized critique defended socialist analysis against Eugen Dühring and ranged across philosophy, science, and political economy. It was an independent, extensive work that helped shape...

The law banned socialist organizations, meetings, and publications while leaving social-democratic election campaigns possible. Marx and Engels supported clandestine and international networks as...

Their circular letter challenged intellectuals and party figures they believed were diluting socialist politics. The intervention illuminates real organizational conflict, but also their own...

Engels adapted three chapters of Anti-Dühring into a popular pamphlet translated by Paul Lafargue. Marx’s introduction connected the work to French debates and illustrates their joint effort to make...

Marx’s first draft considered whether Russia’s village commune could serve as a basis for social transformation without reproducing every Western European development stage. The drafts show him...

Marx’s final, concise reply argued that the Russian commune might become a starting point for social regeneration if wider conditions supported it. The letter complicates deterministic interpretations...