The International Working Men’s Association is founded

Engels examined the strategic rivalry around Italian unification and Austria. The work illustrates his sustained interest in military affairs and national struggles, while also showing the limits of a...

Marx’s long polemic answered accusations by Carl Vogt and exposed factional conflict among European exiles. The book demonstrates how political movements were shaped by journalism, personal...

As the U.S. Civil War began, Marx and Engels followed the conflict as a struggle whose outcome would shape slavery, labor, and democracy. Marx’s later journalism supported emancipation and...

Marx argued that the conflict could not be understood apart from slavery and the political power of the slaveholding class. His reporting connected emancipation in the United States to workers’...

Mary Burns, Engels’s long-time partner and a working-class Irish woman, died suddenly. She had introduced Engels to working-class neighborhoods and lives in Manchester, but her own history is sparsely...

The General Council backed Polish national independence, linking resistance to imperial domination with international worker solidarity. Marx helped draft the resolution, but the debate also reflected...

Marx argued to workers that wages and profits arose from antagonistic social relations, challenging the view that higher wages alone could end exploitation. The lecture was published only after his...

Delegates debated trade unions, working hours, education, and political organization. Marx prepared instructions for the congress, but the policy agenda emerged from national labor movements and...

Capital analyzed how commodity production, wage labor, and surplus value organize capitalist accumulation. The book drew on global trade and colonial dispossession, though its treatment of colonialism...

In correspondence with physician and socialist Ludwig Kugelmann, Marx discussed political organization and the lessons of the Commune of 1848 in France. Letters reveal his thinking in motion and...