Engels publishes The Condition of the Working Class in England

The journal printed Marx’s critique of Hegel’s philosophy of right and his account of the Jewish question. The essays linked emancipation to social transformation, though later readers debate their...

Engels’s essay connected private property, competition, and economic crisis, offering an early socialist critique of political economy. Marx later described it as an important contribution to their...

In notebooks written during 1844, Marx examined alienated labor, private property, and the relation between human capacities and production. The manuscripts were not published until 1932, and later...

After an earlier brief encounter, Marx and Engels met again in Paris and discovered strong agreement about class conflict and revolutionary politics. Their collaboration was productive but not...

Under Prussian pressure, French authorities ordered Marx to leave. In Brussels he worked with Engels and other exiles, developing a critique of idealist philosophy and building cross-border...

In brief notes later edited and published by Engels, Marx argued that social reality must be understood through human activity and practice. The famous eleventh thesis challenged philosophy to...

Their manuscript criticized Young Hegelian idealism and developed a materialist account of historical change. It was not published in their lifetimes; the text became influential through later...

The committee connected socialist groups across Europe and sought to replace abstract debate with coordinated political exchange. Marx and Engels acted as organizers and polemicists within a...

The committee sought to link socialist groups across borders and coordinate political discussion. This organizing work depended on networks of exiles and workers; the surviving papers...

At its first congress, the League adopted a more explicitly communist program and the slogan “Workers of all countries, unite!” Marx and Engels helped shape the organization, whose international...