Marx and Engels begin work on The German Ideology

In notebooks written during 1844, Marx examined alienated labor, private property, and the relation between human capacities and production. The manuscripts were not published until 1932, and later...

After an earlier brief encounter, Marx and Engels met again in Paris and discovered strong agreement about class conflict and revolutionary politics. Their collaboration was productive but not...

Under Prussian pressure, French authorities ordered Marx to leave. In Brussels he worked with Engels and other exiles, developing a critique of idealist philosophy and building cross-border...

Drawing on Manchester research, Engels documented housing, health, wages, and industrial discipline. It made working-class conditions central to socialist analysis, though its depiction of the city...

In brief notes later edited and published by Engels, Marx argued that social reality must be understood through human activity and practice. The famous eleventh thesis challenged philosophy to...

The committee connected socialist groups across Europe and sought to replace abstract debate with coordinated political exchange. Marx and Engels acted as organizers and polemicists within a...

The committee sought to link socialist groups across borders and coordinate political discussion. This organizing work depended on networks of exiles and workers; the surviving papers...

At its first congress, the League adopted a more explicitly communist program and the slogan “Workers of all countries, unite!” Marx and Engels helped shape the organization, whose international...

Marx’s polemic against Pierre-Joseph Proudhon challenged attempts to imagine social justice without analyzing production, class, and historical change. The book’s dialogue with French socialism was...

Engels wrote a question-and-answer outline for the Communist League, clarifying positions on class, industry, and political change. It became a working precursor to the Manifesto and shows Engels’s...