Battle of Kursk begins

The order imposed severe discipline, established penal units, and authorized blocking detachments. It reflected the military crisis of 1942 and the state’s use of coercion to prevent retreat;...

A major German air raid destroyed much of the city and killed civilians. The battle that followed transformed an urban industrial center into a battlefield and became a turning point in the war.

Soviet forces attacked the weaker flanks of the German-led forces around Stalingrad and encircled the Sixth Army. The operation depended on mobilization across multiple Soviet republics and the...

The breakthrough partially relieved the siege by restoring a narrow land connection. It did not immediately end starvation or bombardment, and civilian survival remained shaped by rationing,...

The encircled German Sixth Army surrendered, ending the battle. Soviet victory shifted the military balance, but the city and surrounding communities had suffered extraordinary destruction and loss of...

Soviet forces recaptured Kyiv after German occupation and mass murder, including the destruction of much of its Jewish community. The city’s liberation did not erase the trauma of occupation or the...

Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met to coordinate military strategy and discuss the postwar order. Iran hosted the conference while under Allied occupation, underscoring how global planning...

The United States, Britain, and Soviet Union affirmed Iran’s independence and territorial integrity and promised economic assistance. The declaration addressed commitments made by occupying powers...

The Red Army ended the 872-day siege. Hundreds of thousands of civilians had died, overwhelmingly from hunger and disease; survival involved mass mobilization and profound disparities in access to...

Soviet authorities deported Chechens and Ingush to Central Asia and Siberia, accusing entire populations of collaboration. The operation involved forced transport, deaths, abolition of the...