Tehran Conference opens

Soviet forces attacked the weaker flanks of the German-led forces around Stalingrad and encircled the Sixth Army. The operation depended on mobilization across multiple Soviet republics and the...

The breakthrough partially relieved the siege by restoring a narrow land connection. It did not immediately end starvation or bombardment, and civilian survival remained shaped by rationing,...

The encircled German Sixth Army surrendered, ending the battle. Soviet victory shifted the military balance, but the city and surrounding communities had suffered extraordinary destruction and loss of...

Germany launched a major offensive against the Soviet salient at Kursk. Soviet defenses and counterattacks stopped the advance and helped secure the strategic initiative, at immense human and material...

Soviet forces recaptured Kyiv after German occupation and mass murder, including the destruction of much of its Jewish community. The city’s liberation did not erase the trauma of occupation or the...

The United States, Britain, and Soviet Union affirmed Iran’s independence and territorial integrity and promised economic assistance. The declaration addressed commitments made by occupying powers...

The Red Army ended the 872-day siege. Hundreds of thousands of civilians had died, overwhelmingly from hunger and disease; survival involved mass mobilization and profound disparities in access to...

Soviet authorities deported Chechens and Ingush to Central Asia and Siberia, accusing entire populations of collaboration. The operation involved forced transport, deaths, abolition of the...

Soviet authorities forcibly deported the Balkar population to Central Asia and Siberia and later abolished their autonomous district. Collective punishment based on ethnicity transformed the...

The NKVD began deporting Crimean Tatars to Central Asia, accusing the population collectively of collaboration. The removal destroyed homes and community life; the Crimean ASSR was later abolished and...