Soviet power established in Azerbaijan

Hungarian socialists and communists proclaimed a Soviet republic during the upheaval after the First World War. The short-lived government sought ties with Soviet Russia but faced military...

The Red Army entered Baku as the Azerbaijani Soviet government was established. The city’s oil and strategic position made it central to the region’s political economy. Soviet rule promised land and...

Britain, France, the United States and Japan recognized Admiral Alexander Kolchak as the “supreme ruler” of anti-Bolshevik Russia, while attaching conditions. The decision showed the international...

Red Army forces captured Omsk, a major center of Kolchak’s White government. Kolchak’s authority eroded amid military defeats, peasant resistance and the collapse of supply lines. The change of...

The League of Nations formally began operations. Soviet Russia was excluded from the postwar international order, while the new state denounced imperial arrangements and sought diplomatic recognition....

The Second Congress of the Communist International opened and debated the relationship between socialist revolution, national liberation and colonial movements. Lenin’s theses argued that communists...

Polish forces halted and pushed back the Red Army near Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War. The conflict involved competing claims over Ukraine and Belarus, revolutionary strategy and the borders left...

Poland and Soviet Russia and Ukraine signed a preliminary peace agreement ending major fighting in the Polish-Soviet War. The border settlement divided Ukrainian and Belarusian lands and constrained...

General Pyotr Wrangel’s remaining White forces evacuated Crimea after defeat by the Red Army. The evacuation ended the last major White military front in European Russia, but was followed by mass...

The Armenian Soviet government was proclaimed after Red Army entry and the fall of the independent Armenian republic, which had faced war, famine, displacement and territorial conflict. Soviet rule...