Allies recognize White leader Kolchak as supreme ruler

Following Germany’s defeat, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee annulled the Brest-Litovsk treaty. The withdrawal of German forces reopened the struggle over Ukraine, the Baltic region and...

Delegates from socialist and communist organizations met in Moscow to establish the Communist International (Comintern). It presented anti-imperialist revolution and international worker solidarity as...

The central Soviet government and Bashkir government signed an agreement on Soviet autonomy for Bashkiria. It followed Bashkir political organizing and negotiation during the collapse of the Russian...

Hungarian socialists and communists proclaimed a Soviet republic during the upheaval after the First World War. The short-lived government sought ties with Soviet Russia but faced military...

The Red Army entered Baku as the Azerbaijani Soviet government was established. The city’s oil and strategic position made it central to the region’s political economy. Soviet rule promised land and...

Red Army forces captured Omsk, a major center of Kolchak’s White government. Kolchak’s authority eroded amid military defeats, peasant resistance and the collapse of supply lines. The change of...

The League of Nations formally began operations. Soviet Russia was excluded from the postwar international order, while the new state denounced imperial arrangements and sought diplomatic recognition....

The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic fell as Soviet forces entered Baku and a Soviet republic was proclaimed. The new regime enacted social and land reforms, but the transition occurred under...

The Second Congress of the Communist International opened and debated the relationship between socialist revolution, national liberation and colonial movements. Lenin’s theses argued that communists...

Polish forces halted and pushed back the Red Army near Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War. The conflict involved competing claims over Ukraine and Belarus, revolutionary strategy and the borders left...