League of Nations begins work without Soviet Russia

The central Soviet government and Bashkir government signed an agreement on Soviet autonomy for Bashkiria. It followed Bashkir political organizing and negotiation during the collapse of the Russian...

Hungarian socialists and communists proclaimed a Soviet republic during the upheaval after the First World War. The short-lived government sought ties with Soviet Russia but faced military...

The Red Army entered Baku as the Azerbaijani Soviet government was established. The city’s oil and strategic position made it central to the region’s political economy. Soviet rule promised land and...

Britain, France, the United States and Japan recognized Admiral Alexander Kolchak as the “supreme ruler” of anti-Bolshevik Russia, while attaching conditions. The decision showed the international...

Red Army forces captured Omsk, a major center of Kolchak’s White government. Kolchak’s authority eroded amid military defeats, peasant resistance and the collapse of supply lines. The change of...

The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic fell as Soviet forces entered Baku and a Soviet republic was proclaimed. The new regime enacted social and land reforms, but the transition occurred under...

The Second Congress of the Communist International opened and debated the relationship between socialist revolution, national liberation and colonial movements. Lenin’s theses argued that communists...

Polish forces halted and pushed back the Red Army near Warsaw during the Polish-Soviet War. The conflict involved competing claims over Ukraine and Belarus, revolutionary strategy and the borders left...

Poland and Soviet Russia and Ukraine signed a preliminary peace agreement ending major fighting in the Polish-Soviet War. The border settlement divided Ukrainian and Belarusian lands and constrained...

General Pyotr Wrangel’s remaining White forces evacuated Crimea after defeat by the Red Army. The evacuation ended the last major White military front in European Russia, but was followed by mass...