Hungarian Soviet Republic proclaimed

Twenty-six Baku Commune leaders were executed near Krasnovodsk after the fall of the commune and their transfer into the custody of forces associated with the Transcaspian Government and British...

The armistice between the Allies and Germany ended the main fighting in Western Europe and removed the immediate military basis for the Brest-Litovsk settlement. Former imperial territories faced...

Following Germany’s defeat, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee annulled the Brest-Litovsk treaty. The withdrawal of German forces reopened the struggle over Ukraine, the Baltic region and...

Delegates from socialist and communist organizations met in Moscow to establish the Communist International (Comintern). It presented anti-imperialist revolution and international worker solidarity as...

The central Soviet government and Bashkir government signed an agreement on Soviet autonomy for Bashkiria. It followed Bashkir political organizing and negotiation during the collapse of the Russian...

The Red Army entered Baku as the Azerbaijani Soviet government was established. The city’s oil and strategic position made it central to the region’s political economy. Soviet rule promised land and...

Britain, France, the United States and Japan recognized Admiral Alexander Kolchak as the “supreme ruler” of anti-Bolshevik Russia, while attaching conditions. The decision showed the international...

Red Army forces captured Omsk, a major center of Kolchak’s White government. Kolchak’s authority eroded amid military defeats, peasant resistance and the collapse of supply lines. The change of...

The League of Nations formally began operations. Soviet Russia was excluded from the postwar international order, while the new state denounced imperial arrangements and sought diplomatic recognition....

The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic fell as Soviet forces entered Baku and a Soviet republic was proclaimed. The new regime enacted social and land reforms, but the transition occurred under...