Eleventh Non-Aligned Summit opens in Cartagena

The final documents addressed development, debt, Palestine and UN reform. They argued that the end of bloc rivalry had not ended unequal power and that developing countries needed a collective voice...

Resolution 47/19 called for ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba. NAM members supported the resolution as a defense of sovereignty against unilateral coercive measures.

The declaration reaffirmed that human rights are universal while recognizing the importance of national and regional contexts. Global South states challenged selective enforcement and argued that...

The election ended the apartheid system of racial disenfranchisement and enabled the majority to choose a national government. The victory followed mass resistance, international campaigns and...

Mandela’s inauguration marked the formal transfer to a democratic government. South Africa’s new leadership joined NAM with a history shaped by the movement’s sustained diplomatic support for...

The final document called for a more focused movement and stronger coordination. It retained the claims of sovereignty and economic justice while adapting NAM’s methods to a changing global order.

The Constitutional Assembly adopted a constitution based on equality, universal suffrage and rights after apartheid. This was a major institutional outcome of the liberation struggle, although the...

The crisis exposed the vulnerability of developing economies to volatile capital flows and external financial pressures. It echoed NAM’s older demand for a fairer economic system, now under conditions...

The climate treaty set targets for industrialized countries, recognizing their greater historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions. This principle of differentiated responsibility echoed...

India’s tests challenged NAM’s historic emphasis on disarmament and the movement’s criticism of an unequal nuclear order. The episode demonstrates the tension between collective principles and a...