Cartagena summit adopts its final document and methodology

Resolution 47/19 called for ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba. NAM members supported the resolution as a defense of sovereignty against unilateral coercive measures.

The declaration reaffirmed that human rights are universal while recognizing the importance of national and regional contexts. Global South states challenged selective enforcement and argued that...

The election ended the apartheid system of racial disenfranchisement and enabled the majority to choose a national government. The victory followed mass resistance, international campaigns and...

Mandela’s inauguration marked the formal transfer to a democratic government. South Africa’s new leadership joined NAM with a history shaped by the movement’s sustained diplomatic support for...

The summit sought to redefine NAM after the Cold War and addressed Palestine, development, debt and reform of international institutions. Leaders argued that the disappearance of one bloc had not...

The Constitutional Assembly adopted a constitution based on equality, universal suffrage and rights after apartheid. This was a major institutional outcome of the liberation struggle, although the...

The crisis exposed the vulnerability of developing economies to volatile capital flows and external financial pressures. It echoed NAM’s older demand for a fairer economic system, now under conditions...

The climate treaty set targets for industrialized countries, recognizing their greater historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions. This principle of differentiated responsibility echoed...

India’s tests challenged NAM’s historic emphasis on disarmament and the movement’s criticism of an unequal nuclear order. The episode demonstrates the tension between collective principles and a...

Pakistan’s tests followed India’s and intensified regional rivalry. The episode showed how states that had criticized a discriminatory nuclear regime could also seek nuclear deterrence, sharpening...