Eighth Non-Aligned Summit opens in Harare

Gorbachev’s leadership initiated reforms and a changing relationship with the United States. As superpower tensions eased, NAM faced a strategic question: how to preserve its purpose when bloc...

The conference focused on international peace, economic cooperation and support for liberation in southern Africa. Hosting the meeting in Angola made the region’s struggles against apartheid and...

The ministers reaffirmed support for anti-colonial struggles and called for a fairer economic order. The documents show NAM’s effort to combine political solidarity with development cooperation and...

Governments and anti-apartheid advocates debated sanctions and international pressure. NAM states supported stronger measures, while Western governments remained divided over the costs and...

The conference’s proposals fed into UN debate on ending apartheid and Namibia’s illegal occupation. The issue illustrated how NAM diplomacy worked alongside liberation movements and international...

The summit called for intensified action against apartheid, support for liberation movements and assistance to frontline states. This was a major effort to turn NAM’s anti-racist commitments into a...

A/RES/42/23 called for ending repression, releasing political prisoners including Nelson Mandela, lifting bans on liberation organizations and supporting states resisting South African aggression....

A mass uprising against Israeli occupation began in Gaza and spread to the West Bank. It involved popular committees, strikes, demonstrations and civil disobedience, broadening the Palestinian...

Angola, Cuba, Namibia and South Africa agreed principles that linked Namibian independence with regional security arrangements. The agreement emerged from African diplomacy and international pressure,...

Ministers considered how the movement should operate as US-Soviet détente changed the Cold War landscape. They also addressed apartheid, Namibia, Palestine, regional conflicts and the need to update...