First Intifada begins

Governments and anti-apartheid advocates debated sanctions and international pressure. NAM states supported stronger measures, while Western governments remained divided over the costs and...

The conference’s proposals fed into UN debate on ending apartheid and Namibia’s illegal occupation. The issue illustrated how NAM diplomacy worked alongside liberation movements and international...

The summit placed apartheid and Namibia at the center of the international agenda. Representatives of liberation movements, including Oliver Tambo, pressed governments to move beyond condemnation...

The summit called for intensified action against apartheid, support for liberation movements and assistance to frontline states. This was a major effort to turn NAM’s anti-racist commitments into a...

A/RES/42/23 called for ending repression, releasing political prisoners including Nelson Mandela, lifting bans on liberation organizations and supporting states resisting South African aggression....

Angola, Cuba, Namibia and South Africa agreed principles that linked Namibian independence with regional security arrangements. The agreement emerged from African diplomacy and international pressure,...

Ministers considered how the movement should operate as US-Soviet détente changed the Cold War landscape. They also addressed apartheid, Namibia, Palestine, regional conflicts and the need to update...

The conference concluded that NAM should play a constructive role in solving regional and global problems as détente altered superpower relations. The movement sought renewed relevance without...

Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed an agreement at the UN, setting out Cuban troop withdrawal and implementation of Namibia’s independence process. The settlement reflected African and Cuban...

Resolution 629 set 1 April as the start date for implementing the Namibia settlement. The UN mission was designed to supervise elections and support independence after decades of South African rule.