Paris conference concludes with calls for effective sanctions

The final declaration opposed bloc politics and called for decolonization and peaceful settlement of disputes. It also treated regional security as a shared concern rather than a matter reserved to...

Gorbachev’s leadership initiated reforms and a changing relationship with the United States. As superpower tensions eased, NAM faced a strategic question: how to preserve its purpose when bloc...

The conference focused on international peace, economic cooperation and support for liberation in southern Africa. Hosting the meeting in Angola made the region’s struggles against apartheid and...

The ministers reaffirmed support for anti-colonial struggles and called for a fairer economic order. The documents show NAM’s effort to combine political solidarity with development cooperation and...

Governments and anti-apartheid advocates debated sanctions and international pressure. NAM states supported stronger measures, while Western governments remained divided over the costs and...

The summit placed apartheid and Namibia at the center of the international agenda. Representatives of liberation movements, including Oliver Tambo, pressed governments to move beyond condemnation...

The summit called for intensified action against apartheid, support for liberation movements and assistance to frontline states. This was a major effort to turn NAM’s anti-racist commitments into a...

A/RES/42/23 called for ending repression, releasing political prisoners including Nelson Mandela, lifting bans on liberation organizations and supporting states resisting South African aggression....

A mass uprising against Israeli occupation began in Gaza and spread to the West Bank. It involved popular committees, strikes, demonstrations and civil disobedience, broadening the Palestinian...

Angola, Cuba, Namibia and South Africa agreed principles that linked Namibian independence with regional security arrangements. The agreement emerged from African diplomacy and international pressure,...