Fall of Saigon ends the Vietnam War

The summit connected national liberation with economic sovereignty and called for restructuring global economic relations. Its agenda reflected the reality that formal independence had not ended...

Arab oil exporters used control over a strategic resource after the October War. The embargo dramatized demands for sovereign control of resources and helped make commodity power and economic...

A military uprising overthrew Portugal’s authoritarian Estado Novo. The revolution opened the way to independence for Portugal’s African colonies, showing how anti-colonial struggle abroad and...

Resolution 3201 called for reform of an international economy shaped by colonial extraction and unequal exchange. The initiative, backed by developing countries, sought permanent sovereignty over...

Resolution 3236 reaffirmed the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including self-determination and national independence. NAM diplomacy helped bring Palestinian rights into the UN’s central...

Portugal’s withdrawal ended colonial rule, but rival liberation movements fought for power as external states intervened. The conflict exposed the gap between formal decolonization and the sovereignty...

The Colombo summit addressed disarmament, Palestine, southern African liberation and economic cooperation. It promoted collective self-reliance while the movement continued to debate how to remain...

The summit called for cooperation among developing countries and supported the New International Economic Order. Its program sought to convert the political solidarity of decolonization into...

Foreign ministers met to coordinate positions ahead of the 1979 summit, including on Palestine and liberation struggles. The meeting showed how NAM used regular diplomatic machinery to amplify...

The Coordinating Bureau’s final communiqué called for Palestinian rights and opposition to occupation and colonialism. Such statements strengthened international advocacy, though they did not...