Carnation Revolution begins the end of Portuguese dictatorship and empire

The declaration followed a military crackdown in East Pakistan and a mass movement for self-determination. The liberation struggle and ensuing war raised difficult questions for non-aligned states...

Resolution 2758 restored the People’s Republic of China’s representation at the United Nations. The vote illustrated how the growing number of Asian and African states could alter institutional...

The Algiers summit expanded the movement’s political and economic agenda. Its declarations called for a fairer international economic order and greater control by developing states over resources...

The summit connected national liberation with economic sovereignty and called for restructuring global economic relations. Its agenda reflected the reality that formal independence had not ended...

Arab oil exporters used control over a strategic resource after the October War. The embargo dramatized demands for sovereign control of resources and helped make commodity power and economic...

Resolution 3201 called for reform of an international economy shaped by colonial extraction and unequal exchange. The initiative, backed by developing countries, sought permanent sovereignty over...

Resolution 3236 reaffirmed the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including self-determination and national independence. NAM diplomacy helped bring Palestinian rights into the UN’s central...

The South Vietnamese government collapsed and the war ended with Vietnamese reunification under the revolutionary government. The outcome was widely read across the Global South as a defeat of a major...

Portugal’s withdrawal ended colonial rule, but rival liberation movements fought for power as external states intervened. The conflict exposed the gap between formal decolonization and the sovereignty...

The Colombo summit addressed disarmament, Palestine, southern African liberation and economic cooperation. It promoted collective self-reliance while the movement continued to debate how to remain...