Beit Atfal Assumoud founded in Lebanon

Organizations/movement: Birzeit University; Israeli military authorities. Action: Israeli authorities closed the university. Result: A major Palestinian educational institution faced interruption...

Organizations/movement: al-Karmel magazine. Action: Darwish founded a cultural magazine in Beirut. Result: A new literary forum entered Palestinian intellectual life. Impact / interpretation:...

Organizations/movement: Palestinian Communist Party. Action: Communists brought West Bank, Gaza and diaspora networks into a Palestinian party. Result: The party’s re-establishment was publicly...

Israeli authorities closed Birzeit University from 16 February to 16 April 1982. Repeated closures impeded Palestinian higher education and political organisation.

Organizations/movement: PLO; Lebanese allies; Israeli army. Action: PLO forces and allies confronted the Israeli invasion, followed by the siege of Beirut. Result: The war inflicted widespread...

Organizations/movement: PLO; evacuation mediators. Action: Arafat departed aboard a ship after a US-mediated evacuation agreement. Result: The leadership relocated to Tunis as forces dispersed. Impact...

Organizations/movement: Al-Haq. Action: Al-Haq established its fieldwork department and hired its first fieldworker. Result: Directly gathered information became a foundation for its human rights...

Organizations/movement: Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committee (PARC). Action: Agricultural Relief formed in response to the absence of a Palestinian agricultural extension system. Result: A...

Organizations/movement: Palestine National Council; PLO. Action: The council’s final statement reaffirmed independent Palestinian decision-making and the PLO’s institutions. Result: It set out...

Organizations/movement: PLO; Jordanian government. Action: The parties agreed on a joint approach involving withdrawal, self-determination, refugee rights and a proposed confederation. Result: A...