Operation Defensive Shield begins in Ramallah

Security Council resolution 1322 deplored provocation at al-Haram al-Sharif and excessive use of force against Palestinians amid the early Second Intifada.

Regional and international leaders met at Sharm el-Sheikh in an attempt to halt escalating violence after the outbreak of the Second Intifada.

Israeli and Palestinian negotiators meet in Taba for final-status talks; negotiations end without a final agreement.

Security Council affirms a vision of Israel and Palestine living side by side, a diplomatic milestone amid the uprising.

Arab League summit begins; the Arab Peace Initiative is adopted during the two-day meeting.

UN Security Council calls for ceasefire and withdrawal of Israeli troops from Palestinian cities.

Military incursions expand into two additional West Bank cities, affecting civilian movement and daily life.

Operation Defensive Shield expands into Bethlehem; a prolonged siege around the Church of the Nativity follows.

Israeli forces enter Jenin and its refugee camp; fighting and civilian destruction follow, with disputed allegations examined by the UN.

Incursion into Nablus leads to intense fighting and extensive restrictions on residents.