The USA PATRIOT Act expands federal security powers

Police officer Stephen Roach shot and killed 19-year-old Timothy Thomas in Cincinnati. The death was followed by protests and unrest amid longstanding concerns about the treatment of Black...

France promulgated the law associated with Christiane Taubira recognizing specified historical slave trades and slavery as crimes against humanity. The law also addressed their place in teaching and...

The United Nations World Conference against Racism opened in Durban, bringing governments and civil-society demands into a global forum. Its agenda encompassed racial discrimination, xenophobia and...

The Durban conference adopted a declaration and programme of action against racism. The declaration recognized slavery and the slave trade as crimes against humanity and acknowledged colonialism's...

A gunman killed Sikh business owner Balbir Singh Sodhi outside his gas station in Mesa, Arizona, claiming retaliation for the September 11 attacks. His murder exposed how racialized suspicion could...

Coordinated attacks against Muslims began across towns and cities in Gujarat after the Godhra train burning. Human Rights Watch documented killings, displacement and allegations of official...

Cincinnati entered agreements to change policing after litigation and community mobilization over discrimination and excessive force. The federal agreement addressed force, supervision and...

The National Slavery Monument by Surinamese artist Erwin de Vries was unveiled in Amsterdam's Oosterpark. Its creation followed sustained advocacy by communities of descendants. The monument placed...

The Constitutional Court ruled against restrictions on providing nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and required a reasonable programme. The Treatment Action Campaign combined...

Brazil enacted Law 10.639, requiring the teaching of Afro-Brazilian history and culture in primary and secondary education. Its prescribed content included African history and Black struggles and...