Albert Luthuli accepts the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize

Leaders gathered in Belgrade, then in Yugoslavia, for the first Non-Aligned summit, held through 6 September. The meeting linked opposition to colonialism with efforts to exercise independent...

Algerians demonstrated in Paris against a curfew imposed specifically on Algerians during the independence war. Police under Maurice Papon carried out lethal repression, with protesters killed and...

Interstate Commerce Commission rules prohibiting racial segregation in interstate bus travel and terminal facilities took effect. Freedom Riders had forced public attention onto the gap between...

Local organizations formed the Albany Movement in Georgia to challenge segregation across community life. Students, churches, voting-rights organizers and women’s groups contributed to the...

Tanganyika gained independence from British administration of the UN trust territory. Julius Nyerere became prime minister of the independent state. Political sovereignty ended a system of external...

Umkhonto we Sizwe announced its existence through a manifesto and attacks on state installations. Its statement justified a turn to armed resistance by citing repression and the closure of peaceful...

Western Samoa became independent after New Zealand administration and a long history of Samoan resistance, including the Mau movement. Independence asserted Samoan political authority against colonial...

The ceasefire negotiated by France and Algerian representatives at Evian took effect after agreements concluded on 18 March. It opened a path toward self-determination following the independence...

The Commonwealth Electoral Act received assent, extending the option of federal electoral enrolment to Indigenous Australians previously excluded. Some Indigenous people already held voting rights, so...

Algeria marked its independence on 5 July following a referendum and French recognition on 3 July. The victory ended French colonial sovereignty after a prolonged liberation struggle. It changed...