Tanganyika becomes independent

A three-day stay-at-home campaign began against the establishment of a republic without equal political participation. Mandela and other organizers demanded a democratic national convention. The...

Leaders gathered in Belgrade, then in Yugoslavia, for the first Non-Aligned summit, held through 6 September. The meeting linked opposition to colonialism with efforts to exercise independent...

Algerians demonstrated in Paris against a curfew imposed specifically on Algerians during the independence war. Police under Maurice Papon carried out lethal repression, with protesters killed and...

Interstate Commerce Commission rules prohibiting racial segregation in interstate bus travel and terminal facilities took effect. Freedom Riders had forced public attention onto the gap between...

Local organizations formed the Albany Movement in Georgia to challenge segregation across community life. Students, churches, voting-rights organizers and women’s groups contributed to the...

Luthuli accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, where the award for 1960 was presented in December 1961. He used the occasion to draw attention to South Africans resisting apartheid. International...

Umkhonto we Sizwe announced its existence through a manifesto and attacks on state installations. Its statement justified a turn to armed resistance by citing repression and the closure of peaceful...

Western Samoa became independent after New Zealand administration and a long history of Samoan resistance, including the Mau movement. Independence asserted Samoan political authority against colonial...

The ceasefire negotiated by France and Algerian representatives at Evian took effect after agreements concluded on 18 March. It opened a path toward self-determination following the independence...

The Commonwealth Electoral Act received assent, extending the option of federal electoral enrolment to Indigenous Australians previously excluded. Some Indigenous people already held voting rights, so...