A stay-at-home campaign challenges the white-minority republic

Nationalists attacked detention facilities in Luanda in an attempt to release prisoners held under Portuguese rule. The confrontation became a major landmark in Angola’s liberation struggle. It...

The court acquitted the remaining defendants after a prosecution that had begun with mass arrests in 1956. Congress Alliance activists had endured years of proceedings over their challenge to...

An interracial group organized by CORE departed Washington by bus to test compliance with federal desegregation rulings. Riders challenged segregated seating and terminal facilities across the...

White mobs attacked Freedom Riders in Anniston and Birmingham; a bus was burned outside Anniston. The violence sought to prevent implementation of desegregation rights. Riders’ experiences exposed the...

Student activists from Nashville resumed the rides after violence threatened to end the campaign. Diane Nash helped coordinate their continuation. The decision demonstrated that organized local...

Leaders gathered in Belgrade, then in Yugoslavia, for the first Non-Aligned summit, held through 6 September. The meeting linked opposition to colonialism with efforts to exercise independent...

Algerians demonstrated in Paris against a curfew imposed specifically on Algerians during the independence war. Police under Maurice Papon carried out lethal repression, with protesters killed and...

Interstate Commerce Commission rules prohibiting racial segregation in interstate bus travel and terminal facilities took effect. Freedom Riders had forced public attention onto the gap between...

Local organizations formed the Albany Movement in Georgia to challenge segregation across community life. Students, churches, voting-rights organizers and women’s groups contributed to the...

Tanganyika gained independence from British administration of the UN trust territory. Julius Nyerere became prime minister of the independent state. Political sovereignty ended a system of external...