The FLN proclaims a struggle for national independence

Black residents of Baton Rouge began a bus boycott against discriminatory seating arrangements. The United Defense League and T. J. Jemison helped organize collective pressure and alternative...

The Federation of South African Women was launched in Johannesburg as a broad organization bringing women together across racial divisions. Its organizing connected opposition to apartheid with...

Vietnamese forces defeated the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu after a sustained siege. Military organization and civilian support helped confront an imperial army. The victory demonstrated the...

The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The decision grew from the actions of families, students and lawyers in several communities. It challenged the...

The Geneva Conference issued its final declaration concerning peace in Indochina after the defeat of French forces. It addressed sovereignty and a provisional military division of Vietnam, with...

Police forcibly removed families from Sophiatown to Meadowlands despite community opposition to removal. The operation advanced apartheid’s spatial ordering of urban life. Housing and land were...

Claudette Colvin, a Black teenager in Montgomery, refused to give up her seat under segregated bus practices and was arrested. Her action preceded Rosa Parks’ arrest and the citywide boycott....

The inaugural conference of the South African Congress of Trade Unions concluded after meeting on 4–5 March. SACTU provided an organization for workers across racial divisions, including African...

Representatives of Asian and African countries opened the Bandung Conference in Indonesia. The gathering asserted their capacity to discuss international affairs and cooperation on their own terms. It...

The Bandung Conference adopted a communiqué condemning colonialism and racial discrimination, supporting self-determination and opposing cultural suppression. It expressed solidarity with people...