Bengali language protesters face police killings in Dhaka

The ANC called a day of mourning and a general strike against repression and the Suppression of Communism Act. Workers’ absence and public protest connected political rights to collective...

UNESCO issued The Race Question, challenging claims that biological differences justified racial superiority. The intervention contested the authority of knowledge used to rationalize unequal...

General Assembly resolution 395(V) stated that apartheid policy was based on doctrines of racial discrimination. The resolution strengthened international criticism of South Africa’s treatment of...

Barbara Johns led students out of Robert Russa Moton High School in Farmville, Virginia, to protest inferior conditions in segregated education. Their organizing helped produce a lawsuit later...

The Civil Rights Congress presented We Charge Genocide to United Nations representatives. The petition alleged that killings and systemic abuses against Black Americans violated the Genocide...

Activists held mass demonstrations as the government celebrated the tercentenary of Jan van Riebeeck’s arrival. The protests prepared resistance to unjust laws and challenged the public celebration of...

Volunteers deliberately violated apartheid restrictions in the Defiance Campaign organized by the ANC and its allies. Participants courted arrest through disciplined collective action. The campaign...

The General Assembly expanded its consideration of discrimination in South Africa to the wider apartheid question. International attention moved beyond the treatment of one community toward the...

Governor Evelyn Baring declared a state of emergency in Kenya during the struggle against colonial rule associated with Mau Mau. Emergency powers enabled intensified repression. The confrontation...

Black residents of Baton Rouge began a bus boycott against discriminatory seating arrangements. The United Defense League and T. J. Jemison helped organize collective pressure and alternative...