New Zealand police fire on a Mau procession

Delegates gathered at the International Congress against Colonial Oppression and Imperialism. Jawaharlal Nehru and Josiah Gumede linked their struggles with others. International organization...

B. R. Ambedkar and supporters drank water from a public tank from which oppressed-caste people had been excluded. Collective action turned an abstract right into a claim to everyday resources. Caste...

Ambedkar and fellow protesters burned the Manusmriti during the Mahad campaign, rejecting textual authority used to justify caste inequality. The action linked public rights with criticism of...

The Second Youth Congress adopted a pledge affirming one homeland, one nation, and an Indonesian language of unity. Young organizers worked across regional backgrounds. Their claim challenged colonial...

Korean students in Gwangju protested discrimination under Japanese colonial rule. The movement spread through schools and linked educational grievances with independence. It demonstrates how racism...

Congress supporters observed Purna Swaraj Day with flags and a pledge for complete independence. The demand moved beyond reforms inside imperial rule. Public participation connected a constitutional...

Gandhi and companions left Sabarmati for the coast to challenge the colonial salt law. A necessity of daily life became the focus of mass resistance. The strategy connected imperial revenue and...

Gandhi collected natural salt at Dandi in defiance of British law. The action encouraged others to challenge the colonial monopoly. Civil disobedience made economic domination visible through an...

Volunteers advanced on the Dharasana salt works during the civil disobedience campaign. Police beat protesters who did not strike back; reporting carried the confrontation internationally. Women’s...

The Poona Pact substituted reserved seats within joint electorates for separate electorates for the Depressed Classes. Negotiations occurred under intense pressure from Gandhi’s fast. Ambedkar’s...