Anticolonial delegates meet at the Brussels congress

Canada’s Chinese Immigration Act sharply restricted Chinese entry and separated families. Chinese communities called the anniversary “Humiliation Day” instead of joining celebrations of Confederation....

A nonviolent campaign began against restrictions keeping oppressed-caste people from roads near the Vaikom temple. Caste and colonial racism are distinct systems; this event is included for their...

Congress granted US citizenship to Indigenous people born in the United States who had not already received it. State barriers still restricted voting, and citizenship did not restore lost land or end...

Porters formed the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters under A. Philip Randolph’s leadership. Organizing challenged poor conditions, company control, and racial inequality in employment. The union...

The Vaikom agitation ended after a settlement opening some roads while restrictions remained. The outcome shows both the power of sustained protest and the limits of compromise. It concerned caste...

B. R. Ambedkar and supporters drank water from a public tank from which oppressed-caste people had been excluded. Collective action turned an abstract right into a claim to everyday resources. Caste...

Ambedkar and fellow protesters burned the Manusmriti during the Mahad campaign, rejecting textual authority used to justify caste inequality. The action linked public rights with criticism of...

The Second Youth Congress adopted a pledge affirming one homeland, one nation, and an Indonesian language of unity. Young organizers worked across regional backgrounds. Their claim challenged colonial...

Korean students in Gwangju protested discrimination under Japanese colonial rule. The movement spread through schools and linked educational grievances with independence. It demonstrates how racism...

Police fired during a Mau procession in Apia, killing Samoans and mortally wounding Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III. The movement demanded Samoan self-government and used widespread noncooperation. The...