Chinese Canadians confront a new exclusion law

Students boycotted the colonial university arrangements in Rangoon, challenging provisions they regarded as restrictive and exclusionary. The campaign helped encourage national education. Control over...

Police killed members of the religious community led by Enoch Mgijima after they refused to leave their settlement. The confrontation linked land occupation, spiritual life, and the racial state’s...

British authorities arrested Gandhi after the noncooperation campaign and charged him with sedition. Criminalizing criticism and mobilization defended the colonial state’s authority. His...

Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru helped mobilize the crowd demanding the release of Harry Thuku in Nairobi. Colonial forces opened fire, killing her and other protesters. Women’s participation challenged both...

Gandhi was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment after accepting responsibility for writings criticizing British rule. The courtroom became a platform for questioning the legitimacy of colonial...

A nonviolent campaign began against restrictions keeping oppressed-caste people from roads near the Vaikom temple. Caste and colonial racism are distinct systems; this event is included for their...

Congress granted US citizenship to Indigenous people born in the United States who had not already received it. State barriers still restricted voting, and citizenship did not restore lost land or end...

Porters formed the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters under A. Philip Randolph’s leadership. Organizing challenged poor conditions, company control, and racial inequality in employment. The union...

The Vaikom agitation ended after a settlement opening some roads while restrictions remained. The outcome shows both the power of sustained protest and the limits of compromise. It concerned caste...

Delegates gathered at the International Congress against Colonial Oppression and Imperialism. Jawaharlal Nehru and Josiah Gumede linked their struggles with others. International organization...