Komagata Maru passengers challenge racially restrictive entry rules

Women at a Waaihoek mass meeting resolved to resist residential permit requirements. The exact date of the subsequent march is disputed, so this record dates the meeting. Their action challenged the...

The Union adopted the Natives Land Act, severely restricting African land ownership and tenancy outside scheduled areas, with important regional qualifications. African opposition linked political...

Indian miners began a strike that expanded resistance to the tax on former indentured workers and other discriminatory measures. Women activists helped mobilize workers. Connecting labor refusal...

Striking Indian workers and accompanying families crossed into Transvaal in deliberate defiance of restrictions. The march linked labor protest with freedom of movement and family rights. Repeated...

Gandhi was sentenced to nine months’ hard labor at Dundee during the satyagraha campaign. The wider movement involved striking workers and women facing imprisonment as well. Criminal penalties...

The Indian Relief Act abolished the tax on former indentured workers and recognized Indian marriages. These were important gains from collective resistance, including women’s participation. The...

Followers of John Chilembwe attacked European estates in Nyasaland. Grievances included abusive labor conditions and colonial demands on African communities. The uprising combined religious...

Carter G. Woodson and colleagues founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in Chicago. The organization challenged the erasure of Black contributions from education. Producing...

Armed police invaded the Tūhoe settlement of Maungapōhatu and arrested Rua Kēnana; two Māori men were killed. The community represented a project of autonomy and spiritual life. The raid illustrates...

Gandhi appeared in Motihari court after refusing an order to leave Champaran, supported by local people. Peasants had sought help against coercive indigo cultivation. The campaign challenged...