Filipino revolutionaries proclaim independence from Spain

The Natal Indian Congress was established to oppose discriminatory treatment, especially restrictions affecting Indian traders and political rights. Its initial social base was limited, and Indian...

Ethiopian forces led by Menelik II, Taytu Betul, and other commanders defeated an Italian invading army at Adwa. The victory protected Ethiopia’s independence and became a powerful reference for...

The Supreme Court upheld Louisiana’s railway segregation law under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The decision defeated the immediate legal challenge and gave constitutional support to...

The National Association of Colored Women united organizations working for education, welfare, and civil rights. Black women built their own platform against racist stereotypes and political...

Spanish authorities executed José Rizal, whose writings exposed abuses of colonial government and religious power. He was a reformer rather than the commander of the armed revolution. His death became...

The revolutionary constitutional congress opened at Malolos. Its delegates worked toward a constitution for a Philippine republic. Establishing political institutions challenged colonial claims that...

The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Malolos with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. The new state embodied a claim to national sovereignty. Its creation should be understood as Filipino...

Fighting between Filipino and United States forces began near Manila. Filipinos resisted the replacement of Spanish colonial rule by American sovereignty. The conflict exposed a contradiction...

Delegates from Africa and the diaspora met in London to discuss racial discrimination and political rights. Henry Sylvester Williams helped organize the gathering. Bringing struggles together across...

Filipino fighters attacked the American garrison at Balangiga during resistance to United States rule. Church bells signaled the action. The attack and the destructive reprisals that followed belong...