Under pressure from Great Britain, France, and Austria (three countries that supported the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War of 1854โ1856 ), Sultan Abd al-Majid I adopts an edict, Hatt-ฤฑ Hรผmรขyun (known as Tanzimat ), whose declared purpose is to continue laying the foundations of reform that were launched in November 1839 and making them more explicit.
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