A New Ottoman Capitulation: From Gracious...

👉 A New Ottoman Capitulation: From Gracious Protection to Extraterritorial Immunities Huidig

28 Mei 1740

The Ottoman-French capitulation expanded French legal and commercial privileges within the Ottoman Empire. It illustrates European influence before direct colonial rule in Palestine.

A Riot Against the Franciscans in the Holy Sepulchre Leads to a Firman More Favorable to the Greek Orthodox

2 April 1757

A riot (presumably by Christian Orthodox Ottoman subjects) expels the Franciscans from the Holy Sepulchre on the eve of Palm Sunday, which this year falls on the same day for both the Greek Orthodox...

With the Ottoman-Russian Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, Capitulations Turn into Bilateral Treaties

21 Juli 1774

The treaty, which ends an Ottoman-Russian war in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus to the advantage of Russia, includes provisions on matters that were previously addressed in a Capitulation document...

Founding Principles of Ottoman Reform: The Tanzimat I

3 November 1839

In a solemn ceremony chaired by Sultan Abd al-Majid I and attended by high dignitaries including ministers and ulama, and ambassadors to the Sublime Porte, a firman, known as Gulhane Hatti Cherif,...

Ottoman Firman Confirms Status Quo in Jerusalem and Bethlehem Christian Holy Places

8 Februari 1852

Sultan Abd al-Majid I adopts a firman delimiting the possessory rights and the spatial and temporal usage rights concerning the modes of sharing control over the Christian holy places in Jerusalem...

Founding Principles of Ottoman Reform: The Tanzimat Stage II

18 Februari 1856

Under pressure from Great Britain, France, and Austria (three countries that supported the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War of 1854–1856 ), Sultan Abd al-Majid I adopts an edict,...

A New Ottoman Capitulation: From Gracious Protection to Extraterritorial Immunities

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How did the 1740 Ottoman-French capitulation affect France’s position in Ottoman lands?

The 1740 capitulation expanded French privileges within the Ottoman Empire.