Snow links cases to a shared water source

The dated self-experiment helped lead to chloroform use in surgery and childbirth, with safety risks recognized later.

The testing involved several participants; its subsequent publicity focused heavily on Simpson.

The 4 November episode concerned preliminary self-testing, not a documented operation on a patient.

After Snow presented evidence about cholera cases, the local authorities disabled the water pump.

The removal was a public-health response to a concentrated Soho outbreak.

The outbreak had already begun to subside when the handle was removed; the episode supported later work on waterborne disease.

He used carbolic-acid-soaked lint on eleven-year-old James Greenlees’s open leg fracture.

James Greenlees was the patient whose case became central to Lister’s early account of antiseptic surgery.

The dressing was designed to keep damaging microorganisms from multiplying in an open wound.

Greenlees’s recovery strengthened Lister’s later published argument, although a single case could not establish the method alone.